Farm Solutions are deployed at the SharePoint farm level and require a farm administrator access install them to the farm.
Sandboxed solutions are deployed at the site collection level and only require a site collection administrator access to install them to the site collection.
Farm solutions are provided full access to the SharePoint farm, whereas sandboxed solutions are only provided access to elements within the site collection.
Farm solutions can only be added with power shell cmdlets or the stsadm.exe command. They can’t be added or updated with web interface. They can, however, be deployed and retracted with the web interface.
Sandboxed solutions can be added , deployed, updated, and retracted with the web interface or PowerShell Cmdlets. They cannot be managed with the stsadm.exe command.
The IIS worker process(w3wp.exe) executes the farm solution code, whereas the user code solution worker processes(spuworkerprocess.exe) executes the sandboxed solution code.
With SharePoint 2013 and Visual Studio 2012, MS has added a third type of SharePoint solution, the SharePoint App. A SharePoint a solution runs isolated from the SharePoint stack, only allows for the client-side and JS object models to be used interact with SharePoint, and provides a framework to publish apps to and install apps from the SharePoint app store.
SharePoint 2007 -- Farm solutions.
SharePoint 2010 -- Farm solutions + Sandboxed solutions
SharePoint 2013 -- Farm solutions + Sandboxed solutions + Apps
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